Vitamin C

Summary

Vitamin C is a vitamin used to correct vitamin C deficiency and to increase the intestinal absorption of iron.

Brand Names

Ascor, Citranatal B-calm Kit, Concept Ob, Ferralet 90, Ferraplus, Hematogen, Infuvite, Infuvite Pediatric, Moviprep, Mvc-fluoride, Mvi Pediatric, Natafort, Plenvu, Pregvit, Vitafol-one

Generic Name
Ascorbic acid
Commonly known or available as Vitamin C
DrugBank Accession Number
DB00126
Background

A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.

Type
Small Molecule
Groups
Approved, Nutraceutical
Structure

Thumb

Image

Weight
Average: 176.1241
Monoisotopic: 176.032087988
Chemical Formula
C6H8O6
Synonyms
  • acide ascorbique
  • ácido ascórbico
  • Acidum ascorbicum
  • acidum ascorbinicum
  • Ascorbate
  • Ascorbic acid
  • Ascorbinsäure
  • L-(+)-ascorbic acid
  • L-Ascorbate
  • L-Ascorbic Acid
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamina C
External IDs
  • E 300
  • E-300
  • E300
  • FEMA NO. 2109
  • INS NO.300
  • INS-300
  • NSC-218455
  • NSC-33832
Indication

Used to treat vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, delayed wound and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as an antioxidant. It has also been suggested to be an effective antiviral agent.

Pharmacology

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Associated Conditions
  • Common Cold
  • Deficiency, Vitamin A
  • Deficiency, Vitamin D
  • Fever
  • Flu caused by Influenza
  • Folate deficiency
  • Iron Deficiency (ID)
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
  • Oral bacterial infection
  • Scurvy
  • Vitamin C Deficiency
  • Vitamin Deficiency
Associated Therapies
  • Nutritional supplementation
  • Vitamin supplementation
Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings

Contraindications

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Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) is a water-soluble vitamin indicated for the prevention and treatment of scurvy, as ascorbic acid deficiency results in scurvy. Collagenous structures are primarily affected, and lesions develop in bones and blood vessels. Administration of ascorbic acid completely reverses the symptoms of ascorbic acid deficiency.

Mechanism of action

In humans, an exogenous source of ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid in the body. These two forms of the vitamin are believed to be important in oxidation-reduction reactions. The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration.

Target Actions Organism
UHyaluronate lyase

inhibitor

 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
UDNA

cleavage

 Humans
UXylose isomerase

substrate

 Streptomyces rubiginosus
UProcollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2

cofactor

 Humans
UPhytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal

cofactor

 Humans
UProcollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3

cofactor

 Humans
UGamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase

cofactor

 Humans
UDopamine beta-hydroxylase

cofactor

 Humans
UPeptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase

cofactor

 Humans
UProlyl 3-hydroxylase 1

cofactor

 Humans
UProlyl 3-hydroxylase 2

cofactor

 Humans
UProlyl 3-hydroxylase 3

cofactor

 Humans
UProlyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1

cofactor

 Humans
U2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain-containing protein 1

cofactor

 Humans
U2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain-containing protein 2

cofactor

 Humans
UAlpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 2

activator

 Humans
UAlpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3

activator

 Humans
ULysine-specific demethylase 5D

cofactor

 Humans
UProcollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1

cofactor

 Humans
UTrimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial

cofactor

 Humans
UTransmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase

cofactor

 Humans
UEgl nine homolog 1

cofactor

 Humans
UEgl nine homolog 2

cofactor

 Humans
UEgl nine homolog 3

cofactor

 Humans
Absorption

70% to 90%

Volume of distribution

Not Available

Protein binding

25%

Metabolism

Hepatic. Ascorbic acid is reversibly oxidised (by removal of the hydrogen from the enediol group of ascorbic acid) to dehydroascorbic acid. The two forms found in body fluids are physiologically active. Some ascorbic acid is metabolized to inactive compounds including ascorbic acid-2-sulfate and oxalic acid.

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Route of elimination

Not Available

Half-life

16 days (3.4 hours in people who have excess levels of vitamin C)

Clearance

Not Available

Adverse Effects

Adverseeffects

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Toxicity

Not Available

Pathways
Pathway Category
Oxidation of Branched-Chain Fatty Acids Metabolic
Aromatic L-Aminoacid Decarboxylase Deficiency Disease
The Oncogenic Action of Fumarate Disease
Tyrosine Metabolism Metabolic
Catecholamine Biosynthesis Metabolic
Tyrosinemia Type I Disease
Disulfiram Action Pathway Drug action
Phytanic Acid Peroxisomal Oxidation Metabolic
Carnitine Synthesis Metabolic
The Oncogenic Action of Succinate Disease
Alkaptonuria Disease
Hawkinsinuria Disease
Refsum Disease Disease
Tyrosinemia, Transient, of the Newborn Disease
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease
Monoamine Oxidase-A Deficiency (MAO-A) Disease
Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
Not Available
Drug Interactions

This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.

  • Approved
  • Vet approved
  • Nutraceutical
  • Illicit
  • Withdrawn
  • Investigational
  • Experimental
  • All Drugs
Drug Interaction

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Aluminum hydroxide Ascorbic acid can cause an increase in the absorption of Aluminum hydroxide resulting in an increased serum concentration and potentially a worsening of adverse effects.
Amphetamine The serum concentration of Amphetamine can be decreased when it is combined with Ascorbic acid.
Benzphetamine The serum concentration of Benzphetamine can be decreased when it is combined with Ascorbic acid.
Bleomycin The therapeutic efficacy of Bleomycin can be decreased when used in combination with Ascorbic acid.
Bortezomib The therapeutic efficacy of Bortezomib can be decreased when used in combination with Ascorbic acid.
Chlorpropamide Ascorbic acid may decrease the excretion rate of Chlorpropamide which could result in a higher serum level.
Conjugated estrogens The serum concentration of Ascorbic acid can be decreased when it is combined with Conjugated estrogens.
Cyclosporine The serum concentration of Cyclosporine can be decreased when it is combined with Ascorbic acid.
Deferoxamine The risk or severity of Cardiovascular Impairment can be increased when Ascorbic acid is combined with Deferoxamine.
Dextroamphetamine The serum concentration of Dextroamphetamine can be decreased when it is combined with Ascorbic acid.
Food Interactions
  • Avoid multivalent ions. Do not infuse with elemental compounds that can be reduced, such as copper.

Products2

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Product Images
International/Other Brands
Ascoltin / Ascorbicap
Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Ascor Injection 500 mg/1mL Intravenous McGuff Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2018-01-15 Not applicable US flag
Ascor L 500 Solution 500 mg / mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Mcguff Pharmaceuticals Inc 2014-09-11 Not applicable Canada flag
Ascor L 500 Injection, solution 25 g/50mL Intravenous McGuff Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2002-10-21 Not applicable US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous American Regent 1989-12-15 2008-03-28 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intravenous Remedy Repack 2015-10-09 2015-11-11 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Fisiopharma Srl 2017-10-06 2017-10-06 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Flon Laboratories Llc 2017-04-01 Not applicable US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous American Therapeutic Medicines Inc. 2008-03-01 2010-12-30 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Mylan Institutional LLC 1999-06-01 2010-02-12 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Injection, solution 500 mg/1mL Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous The Torrance Company 1999-06-01 2019-12-11 US flag
Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Acerotab Tablet 100 mg Oral Frega Inc. 1979-12-31 2008-02-13 Canada flag
Acti-scorb 1000 Caplet 1000mg Tablet 1 g Oral Acti Form Ltd. 1991-12-31 2005-03-21 Canada flag
Acti-scorb 500 Caplet 500mg Tablet 500 mg Oral Acti Form Ltd. 1991-12-31 2005-03-21 Canada flag
All Natural Source Juicy Orange Vitamin C Tablet 500 mg Oral Wn Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 1998-06-29 2009-09-28 Canada flag
Aromacura Shower Filter Liquid 39 g/70g Topical Value Added Technology co., Ltd 2019-01-01 2019-02-01 US flag
Aromacura Shower Filter Liquid 39 g/100g Topical Value Added Technology co., Ltd 2019-01-01 Not applicable US flag
Ascorbic 500 Tab 500mg Tablet 500 mg / tab Oral Pharmadex Laboratories Inc. 1993-12-31 1999-08-28 Canada flag
Ascorbic Acid 500mg Tablet 500 mg Oral Great Earth Companies, Inc. 1998-08-25 2002-10-02 Canada flag
Ascorbic Acid Cap 500mg Capsule 500 mg / cap Oral Thorne Research Inc. 1984-12-31 2000-09-18 Canada flag
ASCORBIC ACID INJECTION USP 500 mg/5 ml Injection 500 mg/5ml Intramuscular; Intravenous PHEBRA (SE ASIA) PTE. LTD. 1991-05-21 Not applicable
Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
24 Multivitamins + Minerals Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Biotin (25 mcg) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg) Tablet Oral Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc. 1997-04-30 2002-07-31 Canada flag
50 Plus Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Biotin (20 mcg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (20 unit) Tablet Oral Quest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products 1998-08-04 2001-07-06 Canada flag
50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Biotin (45 mcg) + Calcium (200 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg) Tablet Oral Gfr Pharma Ltd. 2002-10-20 2004-06-15 Canada flag
A & C Powder Ascorbic acid (7 mg / g) + Vitamin A (930 unit / g) Powder, for solution Oral Standard Process Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada flag
A.C.E.S. Capsules Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Beta carotene (10000 unit / cap) + Selenium (.025 mg / cap) + Vitamin E (400 unit / cap) Capsule Oral Bioforce Canada Inc. 1994-12-31 1997-04-04 Canada flag
ACE PLUS SELENYUM YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (200 mg) + Selenium (50 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg) Capsule Oral KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag
ACECAP YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (20 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg) Capsule Oral KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag
Aces Formula/formule A A S Ascorbic acid (250 mg / cap) + Beta carotene (3333 unit / cap) + Selenium (25 mcg / cap) + Vitamin E (400 unit / cap) Capsule Oral Quantofill Inc. Not applicable Not applicable Canada flag
ACESCAP YUMUSAK KAPSUL, 30 ADET Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Beta carotene (20 mg) + Vitamin E (200 mg) Capsule Oral KOÇAK FARMA İLAÇ VE KİMYA SAN. A.Ş. 2020-08-14 Not applicable Turkey flag
Acetabolan III Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Ascorbic acid (250.0 mg) + Magnesium (112.5 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (2.63 mg) + Zinc (7.5 mg) Capsule Oral Iovate Health Sciences International Inc. 2003-12-05 2007-07-18 Canada flag
Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image
Abavite Ascorbic acid (60 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (0.025 mg/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (13.5 mg/1) + Ferrous sulfate (30 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (25 mg/1) + Mecobalamin (0.5 mg/1) + Niacin (15 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (5 mg/1) + Potassium Iodide (0.25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (1.8 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (1.6 mg/1) + Vitamin A palmitate (0.33 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (15 mg/1) Tablet Oral ABACOS HEALTH 2021-03-31 Not applicable US flag
Active FE Ascorbic acid (160 mg/1) + Beta carotene (2100 [iU]/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric oxide (1 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate (40 [iU]/1) + Folic acid (1250 ug/1) + Iron (75 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (30 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine hydrochloride (4 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (20 mg/1) Tablet Oral Gm Pharmaceuticals 2013-11-11 Not applicable US flag
Active OB Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1) + Cholecalciferol (400 [iU]/1) + Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (2 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (30 ug/1) + D-alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) + Doconexent (320 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Iron (20 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/1) + Riboflavin (4 mg/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (2 mg/1) + Zinc oxide (30 mg/1) Capsule, liquid filled Oral Gm Pharmaceuticals 2013-10-28 2017-03-31 US flag
Aromacura Shower Filter Ascorbic acid (39 g/70g) Liquid Topical Value Added Technology co., Ltd 2019-01-01 2019-02-01 US flag
Aromacura Shower Filter Ascorbic acid (39 g/100g) Liquid Topical Value Added Technology co., Ltd 2019-01-01 Not applicable US flag
Aronamin Gold Ascorbic acid (70 mg/1) + Fursultiamine (50 mg/1) + Hydroxocobalamin acetate (5.22 ug/1) + Riboflavin tetrabutyrate (2.5 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (20 mg/1) Tablet, film coated Oral OASIS TRADING 2018-11-20 Not applicable US flag
Ascorbic Acid Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1mL) Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Mylan Institutional LLC 1999-06-01 2022-03-31 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1mL) Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous American Therapeutic Medicines Inc. 2008-03-01 2010-12-30 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1mL) Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Mylan Institutional LLC 1999-06-01 2010-02-12 US flag
Ascorbic Acid Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1mL) Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous Flon Laboratories Llc 2017-04-01 Not applicable US flag
ATC Codes
G01AD03 — Ascorbic acid
  • G01AD — Organic acids
  • G01A — ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTISEPTICS, EXCL. COMBINATIONS WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS
  • G01 — GYNECOLOGICAL ANTIINFECTIVES AND ANTISEPTICS
  • G — GENITO URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES
A11GA01 — Ascorbic acid (vit c)
  • A11GA — Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), plain
  • A11G — ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C), INCL. COMBINATIONS
  • A11 — VITAMINS
  • A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
A11GB01 — Ascorbic acid (vit c) and calcium
  • A11GB — Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), combinations
  • A11G — ASCORBIC ACID (VITAMIN C), INCL. COMBINATIONS
  • A11 — VITAMINS
  • A — ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM
S01XA15 — Ascorbic acid
  • S01XA — Other ophthalmologicals
  • S01X — OTHER OPHTHALMOLOGICALS
  • S01 — OPHTHALMOLOGICALS
  • S — SENSORY ORGANS
Drug Categories
  • Acids, Acyclic
  • Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
  • Antioxidants
  • Carbohydrates
  • Compounds used in a research, industrial, or household setting
  • Diet, Food, and Nutrition
  • Food
  • Gastrointestinal Acidifying Agents
  • Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
  • Growth Substances
  • Gynecological Antiinfectives and Antiseptics
  • Hydroxy Acids
  • Micronutrients
  • Ophthalmologicals
  • Organic Acids
  • Physiological Phenomena
  • Protective Agents
  • Sensory Organs
  • Sugar Acids
  • Urinary Acidifying Agents
  • Vitamin C and analogues
  • Vitamins
Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
Description
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as butenolides. These are dihydrofurans with a carbonyl group at the C2 carbon atom.
Kingdom
Organic compounds
Super Class
Organoheterocyclic compounds
Class
Dihydrofurans
Sub Class
Furanones
Direct Parent
Butenolides
Alternative Parents
Vinylogous acids / Enoate esters / Secondary alcohols / Lactones / Enediols / 1,2-diols / Oxacyclic compounds / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Primary alcohols / Organic oxides / Hydrocarbon derivatives / Carbonyl compounds show 2 more
Substituents
1,2-diol / 2-furanone / Alcohol / Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid derivative / Carboxylic acid ester / Enediol / Enoate ester / Hydrocarbon derivative / Lactone / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organooxygen compound / Oxacycle / Primary alcohol / Secondary alcohol / Vinylogous acid show 10 more
Molecular Framework
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
ascorbic acid (CHEBI:29073) / Water-soluble vitamins (C00072)
Affected organisms
  • Humans and other mammals
UNII
PQ6CK8PD0R
CAS number
50-81-7
InChI Key
CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N
InChI

InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h2,5,7-10H,1H2/t2-,5+/m0/s1

IUPAC Name

(5R)-5-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one

SMILES

[H][C@@]1(OC(=O)C(O)=C1O)[C@@H](O)CO

Synthesis Reference

Lewis D. Morse, Paul A. Hammes, "Beverage containing stabilized vitamin C and iron and method of making same." U.S. Patent US3958017, issued October, 1972.

US3958017
General References
  1. Padayatty SJ, Katz A, Wang Y, Eck P, Kwon O, Lee JH, Chen S, Corpe C, Dutta A, Dutta SK, Levine M: Vitamin C as an antioxidant: evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):18-35. [Article]
  2. Meister A: Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 1;269(13):9397-400. [Article]
  3. Englard S, Seifter S: The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. Annu Rev Nutr. 1986;6:365-406. [Article]
  4. Banhegyi G, Mandl J: The hepatic glycogenoreticular system. Pathol Oncol Res. 2001;7(2):107-10. [Article]
  5. Proctor P: Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man? Nature. 1970 Nov 28;228(5274):868. [Article]
  6. Korcok J, Dixon SJ, Lo TC, Wilson JX: Differential effects of glucose on dehydroascorbic acid transport and intracellular ascorbate accumulation in astrocytes and skeletal myocytes. Brain Res. 2003 Dec 12;993(1-2):201-7. [Article]
  7. FDA Approved Drug Products: Ascor Ascorbic Acid Intravenous Injection [Link]
Human Metabolome Database
HMDB0000044
KEGG Drug
D00018
KEGG Compound
C00072
PubChem Compound
54670067
PubChem Substance
46505070
ChemSpider
10189562
BindingDB
50090256
RxNav
1151
ChEBI
29073
ChEMBL
CHEMBL196
ZINC
ZINC000100006770
Therapeutic Targets Database
DNC000259
PharmGKB
PA451898
PDBe Ligand
ASC
RxList
RxList Drug Page
Drugs.com
Drugs.com Drug Page
PDRhealth
PDRhealth Drug Page
Wikipedia
Vitamin_C
PDB Entries
1e71 / 1e72 / 1e73 / 1f9g / 1oaf / 1xid / 2x08 / 2yld / 2ylg / 3eka … show 31 more
MSDS
Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count
4 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) / Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) 1
4 Completed Not Available Colonoscopy 1
4 Completed Not Available Common Cold / Flu caused by Influenza 1
4 Completed Basic Science Constipation - Functional / Irritable Bowel Syndrome Characterized by Constipation 1
4 Completed Diagnostic Colon Adenomas / Colon Lesions / Colon Polyps 1
4 Completed Diagnostic Colonoscopy Preparation 1
4 Completed Other Cleansing Quality of the Colon 1
4 Completed Prevention Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) 1
4 Completed Prevention Inflammation / Surgery, Cardiac 1
4 Completed Prevention Kidney Failure 1
Manufacturers

Not Available

Packagers
  • American Regent
  • American Therapeutics Medicines Inc.
  • Bergen Brunswig
  • Bioniche Pharma
  • Chain Drug
  • CVS Pharmacy
  • Hainan Poly Pharm Co. Ltd.
  • Hospira Inc.
  • Ivax Pharmaceuticals
  • Luitpold Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  • Mason Distributors
  • McGuff Co. Inc.
  • Medicine Shop
  • Merit Pharmaceuticals
  • Miller Pharmacal
  • Particle Dynamics Co.
  • Physicians Total Care Inc.
  • Procter & Gamble
  • Rite Aid Corp.
  • Rugby Laboratories
  • Spectrum Pharmaceuticals
  • Torrance Co.
  • Walgreen Co.
Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength
Syrup Oral
Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 500 mg
Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous
Tablet, chewable Oral 250 mg/1
Injection, solution Intravenous
Liquid Topical 39 g/100g
Liquid Topical 39 g/70g
Injection Intravenous 500 mg/1mL
Injection, solution Intravenous 25 g/50mL
Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg / mL
Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg/1mL
Injection, solution Intravenous 500 mg/1mL
Syrup Oral
Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous 500 mg / mL
Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous 500 mg/5ml
Powder Oral 5 g / 5 mL
Tablet, effervescent Oral
Granule, effervescent Oral
Tablet, effervescent Oral 400 MG
Bar, chewable Oral
Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous
Elixir Oral
Powder Topical 0.375 g/75g
Capsule
Powder, for solution Intravenous
Tablet Transmucosal
Tablet, film coated Oral 750 mg
Tablet Oral 600 mg
Granule Oral
Tablet Oral 1000 mg / tab
Powder Oral 272 mg / g
Tablet Oral 350 mg / tab
Tablet Oral 500 mg / tab
Wafer Oral 300 mg / waf
Capsule, extended release Oral
Tablet Oral 150 mg
Liquid Oral 50 mg / mL
Capsule Oral 375 mg / cap
Solution
Granule Oral 8.33 g
Tablet Oral 333 mg / tab
Tablet Oral 5.7 mg / tab
Solution / drops Oral 50 mg / drop
Tablet, effervescent Oral
Solution Oral 83.33 mg
Granule Oral 1 G
Granule Oral 1000 mg
Granule Oral 500 mg
Paste, dentifrice Dental 3.5 %
Solution / drops Oral 100 MG/ML
Solution Oral 50 mg
Lozenge Oral
Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral
Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 125 mg
Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous
Capsule Oral
Injection, solution Parenteral
Tablet, chewable Oral
Tablet Oral 300 mg / tab
Wafer Oral 500 mg / waf
Liquid Oral
Tablet Oral 125 mg / tab
Granule Oral 10 g
Liquid Topical 5 g/100mL
Liquid Topical 1.5 g/100mL
Tablet, film coated
Capsule, liquid filled Oral
Capsule Oral 120 mg / cap
Capsule, coated Oral
Tablet
Tablet Oral 300 mg
Wafer Oral
Capsule Oral 200 mg / cap
Tablet, film coated Oral
Tablet, effervescent Oral 1 g / tab
Tablet Oral 200 mg / tab
Tablet, film coated Oral 20 mg
Tablet Oral 1 mg
Tablet, extended release Oral
Insert Vaginal
Powder Oral 15 mg / g
Tablet Oral 15 mg / tab
Solution Oral 10 g
Tablet Oral 125 mg
Powder Oral
Tablet, delayed release Oral
Granule, for solution Oral
Solution Intravenous
Tablet, coated Oral 150 mcg
Kit; powder Oral
Tablet Oral 750 mg / tab
Tablet, film coated Oral 500 mg
Tablet, coated Oral
Capsule Oral
Pastille Oral
Tablet, effervescent Oral 1000 mg / tab
Tablet, effervescent Oral 500 mg / tab
Injection
Capsule, extended release Oral 0 -
Tablet, chewable Oral 125 mg/1
Liquid Oral 60 mg / mL
Liquid Oral 250 mg / 5 mL
Liquid Oral 100 mg / mL
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous
Kit Intravenous
Liquid Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg / mL
Kit Oral
Tablet, chewable Oral 30 mg
Tablet, chewable Oral
Solution Oral
Tablet, sugar coated Oral
Tablet Oral
Liquid Intravenous
Tablet Oral 250 mg / tab
Powder, for solution Oral 16.666 g
Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral
Powder, for solution Oral
Capsule Oral 25 mg / cap
Tablet, chewable Buccal 500 mg
Capsule Oral 150 mg / cap
Liquid Topical
Tablet Oral 150 mg / tab
Powder Oral 750 mg
Solution Intravenous 7.5 g
Injection Intravenous
Injection, solution Intravenous
Solution / drops Oral
Tablet Oral 1000 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral
Capsule, gelatin coated Oral
Injection Intravenous
Solution Oral 200 mg
Tablet, effervescent Oral 2 g
Syrup
Powder Oral 1 g / 1.5 g
Tablet, chewable Oral 100 mg
Stick Oral 300 mg / g
Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 100 mg
Capsule Oral 250 mg
Tablet, extended release Oral 1500 mg / tab
Kit Oral 30 mg / pck
Liquid; tablet Oral
Lozenge Oral 100 mg / loz
Capsule Oral 650 mg
Capsule Oral 8 mg / cap
Tablet, extended release Oral 1 g / srt
Tablet, extended release Oral 1000 mg / tab
Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Intravenous
Capsule; liquid Oral
Capsule, extended release Oral
Liquid Oral
Solution Oral 0.3 mg / mL
Injection Intramuscular; Intravenous
Tablet, effervescent Oral 500 mg
Suppository Vaginal 250 mg
Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Intravenous
Injection, solution Intramuscular
Granule Oral 33.33 mg
Capsule, coated Oral 500 mg
Tablet, extended release Oral 1 g / tab
Granule Oral 0.5 g
Liquid Oral 550 mg / amp
Powder, for solution Oral 25 g
Liquid Topical 15 g/100g
Solution Intramuscular; Intravenous; Subcutaneous 500 mg
Emulsion Oral
Tablet Oral 500 mg/1
Capsule Oral 1000 mg
Powder, for solution Oral 7 g/1
Capsule Oral 1 g / cap
Tablet, extended release Oral 1000 mg / srt
Capsule Oral 100 mg / cap
Tablet Oral 1.5 g
Capsule Oral 250 mg / cap
Tablet Oral 400 mg / tab
Tablet, extended release Oral 500 mg / srt
Granule Oral 1000 mg / g
Powder Oral 1.3 g / 1.25 mL
Powder Oral 100 %
Powder Oral 1200 mg / 0.25 tsp
Powder Oral 2 g / 5 mL
Powder Oral 3 g / tab
Powder Oral 4 g / 5 mL
Tablet, extended release Oral 1.8 g / tab
Tablet Oral
Powder Oral 1250 mg / 0.25 tsp
Capsule, extended release Oral 500 mg / cap
Tablet, extended release Oral 1.5 g / tab
Tablet, extended release Oral 1.5 g / srt
Powder Oral 1 g / 5 mL
Tablet Oral 100 mg / tab
Tablet, extended release Oral
Capsule, liquid filled Oral 500 mg
Solution Oral 100 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 1072.5 mg
Tablet, chewable Buccal 250 mg
Solution Parenteral 500 mg
Injection, solution 1 G/5ML
Injection, solution 500 MG/5ML
Tablet Oral 0.5 g
Solution Oral 10.4 g
Solution Intravenous 100 mg
Tablet, chewable Buccal
Injection, solution
Solution Intramuscular 500 mg
Pill
Injection Intravenous 1 g
Injection Intravenous 2 g
Solution Oral 1 G
Tablet Oral 1 g
Tablet, effervescent Oral 1 G
Syrup Oral 1.5 g
Tablet Oral 1 g / tab
Liquid Oral 1 g / vial
Capsule Oral 150 mg
Tablet, extended release Oral 500 mg
Capsule Oral 500 mg / cap
Liquid Oral 500 mg / 10 mL
Tablet, extended release Oral 500 mg / tab
Liquid Topical 36 g/70g
Paste, dentifrice Topical
Tablet Oral 300 mg
Powder
Capsule Oral 500 mg
Capsule, extended release Oral 500 mg
Tablet Oral 500 mg
Tablet Oral 250 mg
Tablet Oral 50 mg
Tablet Oral 200 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 250 mg
Tablet, extended release
Tablet, coated Oral 500 mg
Solution 100 mg/1ml
Injection, solution 100 mg/1ml
Syrup Oral 100 mg/5ml
Solution 250 mg/1ml
Tablet, chewable Oral 250 mg
Tablet, chewable Oral 500 mg
Tablet, extended release Oral 1000 mg
Tablet, effervescent Oral 1000 mg
Tablet, effervescent Oral 430 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 1000 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 500 mg
Solution
Tablet, effervescent
Powder 1000 mg/1sachet
Tablet, sugar coated Oral 500 mg
Tablet, film coated Oral 100 mg
Tablet, sugar coated Oral 100 mg
Tablet Oral 100 mg
Tablet Oral 25 mg
Prices
Unit description Cost Unit
Cenolate 500 mg/1 ml ampul 1.74USD ml
Cenolate 1 gm/2 ml ampul 1.21USD ml
Calcium ascorbate powder 0.79USD g
Ascorbic acid 222 mg/ml vial 0.35USD ml
Ascor l 500 500 mg/ml vial 0.24USD ml
Vitamin c 1500 mg tablet sa 0.22USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vit c ener boost 1000 mg 0.21USD each
Cemill+bioflavonoids tablet 0.09USD tablet
Vitamin c 1000 mg tablet sa 0.09USD tablet
Cemill-1000 tablet 0.08USD tablet
Vitamin c 1000 mg tablet 0.08USD tablet
Cemill-500 tablet sa 0.07USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 1000 mg tablet chw 0.06USD tablet
Vitamin c 1000 mg caplet 0.06USD caplet
Ascorbic acid 500 mg tablet 0.04USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 1000 mg caplet 0.04USD caplet
Pv ester-c 500 mg tablet 0.04USD tablet
Vitamin c 500 mg chew tablet 0.04USD tablet
Vitamin c 500 mg tablet 0.04USD tablet
Vitamin c drops 0.04USD tablet
Ra vitamin c cough drops 0.03USD tablet
Vitamin c 250 mg tablet 0.03USD tablet
Vitamin c 250 mg tablet chew 0.03USD tablet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg caplet 0.02USD caplet
CVS Pharmacy vitamin c 500 mg tablet 0.02USD tablet
Ra vitamin c 100 mg tablet 0.02USD tablet
Vicks vitamin c 60 mg drops 0.02USD tablet

DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.

Patents
Patent Number Pediatric Extension Approved Expires (estimated) Region
US7169381 No 2007-01-30 2024-09-01 US flag
US7658914 No 2010-02-09 2024-09-01 US flag
US9326969 No 2016-05-03 2033-09-10 US flag
US9592252 No 2017-03-14 2032-08-11 US flag
US9707297 No 2017-07-18 2033-09-10 US flag
US8999313 No 2015-04-07 2033-09-10 US flag
US10016504 No 2018-07-10 2033-09-10 US flag
US10646512 No 2020-05-12 2032-03-25 US flag
US10792306 No 2020-10-06 2032-03-09 US flag
US10780112 No 2020-09-22 2032-03-09 US flag
US10918723 No 2021-02-16 2033-09-10 US flag
State
Solid
Experimental Properties
Property Value Source
melting point (°C) 191 dec °C PhysProp
water solubility 4E+005 mg/L (at 40 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996)
logP -1.85 AVDEEF,A (1997)
pKa 4.7 (at 10 °C) KORTUM,G ET AL (1961)
Predicted Properties
Property Value Source
Water Solubility 245.0 mg/mL ALOGPS
logP -1.6 ALOGPS
logP -1.9 ChemAxon
logS 0.14 ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.36 ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic) -3 ChemAxon
Physiological Charge -1 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count 5 ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count 4 ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area 107.22 Å2 ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count 2 ChemAxon
Refractivity 37.03 m3·mol-1 ChemAxon
Polarizability 14.93 Å3 ChemAxon
Number of Rings 1 ChemAxon
Bioavailability 1 ChemAxon
Rule of Five Yes ChemAxon
Ghose Filter No ChemAxon
Veber's Rule No ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule No ChemAxon
Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability
Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.6559
Blood Brain Barrier + 0.8532
Caco-2 permeable - 0.771
P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6077
P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9097
P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9807
Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9008
CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8133
CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8696
CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6361
CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.8958
CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9478
CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9347
CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9383
CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9662
CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9249
Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.8941
Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9417
Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9526
Rat acute toxicity 1.3059 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable
hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9676
hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9286

ADMET data is predicted using admetSAR, a free tool for evaluating chemical ADMET properties. (23092397)

Mass Spec (NIST)
Download (8.32 KB)
Spectra
Spectrum Spectrum Type Splash Key
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS Predicted GC-MS Not Available
GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B GC-MS splash10-004i-4900000000-e99089fd55560fb70cfe
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF GC-MS splash10-0002-0912000000-baa8cffda0478e1bc197
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF GC-MS splash10-00di-9400000000-8ff8f48bfa2dd4fd3cf5
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF GC-MS splash10-00di-9400000000-c1dc72c6cbc49fbf3454
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF GC-MS splash10-00di-9400000000-b207f4024993c5a74769
GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF GC-MS splash10-0002-0911000000-9af0c08e85e0c51a25c4
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available
Predicted MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative (Annotated) Predicted LC-MS/MS Not Available

Targets

Drugtargets2

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Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 4 (strain ATCC BAA-334 / TIGR4)
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Inhibitor

General Function
Hyaluronate lyase activity
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
Not Available
Uniprot ID
Q54873
Uniprot Name
Hyaluronate lyase
Molecular Weight
120770.645 Da
References
  1. Li S, Taylor KB, Kelly SJ, Jedrzejas MJ: Vitamin C inhibits the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15125-30. Epub 2001 Jan 12. [Article]
  2. Okorukwu ON, Vercruysse KP: Effects of ascorbic acid and analogs on the activity of testicular hyaluronidase and hyaluronan lyase on hyaluronan. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2003 Aug;18(4):377-82. [Article]
  3. Botzki A, Rigden DJ, Braun S, Nukui M, Salmen S, Hoechstetter J, Bernhardt G, Dove S, Jedrzejas MJ, Buschauer A: L-Ascorbic acid 6-hexadecanoate, a potent hyaluronidase inhibitor. X-ray structure and molecular modeling of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 29;279(44):45990-7. Epub 2004 Aug 18. [Article]
Kind
Nucleotide
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cleavage

DNA is the molecule of heredity, as it is responsible for the genetic propagation of most inherited traits. It is a polynucleic acid that carries genetic information on cell growth, division, and function. DNA consists of two long strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. The sequence of nucleotides determines hereditary characteristics. Each strand serves as the template for subsequent DNA replication and as a template for mRNA production, leading to protein synthesis via ribosomes.

References
  1. Guarnieri S, Loft S, Riso P, Porrini M, Risom L, Poulsen HE, Dragsted LO, Moller P: DNA repair phenotype and dietary antioxidant supplementation. Br J Nutr. 2008 May;99(5):1018-24. Epub 2007 Oct 10. [Article]
  2. Singh S, Rana SV: Amelioration of arsenic toxicity by L-Ascorbic acid in laboratory rat. J Environ Biol. 2007 Apr;28(2 Suppl):377-84. [Article]
  3. Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC: Protection of arsenic-induced hepatic disorder by arjunolic acid. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101(5):333-8. [Article]
  4. Chiou SH, Chang WC, Jou YS, Chung HM, Lo TB: Specific cleavages of DNA by ascorbate in the presence of copper ion or copper chelates. J Biochem. 1985 Dec;98(6):1723-6. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a135445. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Streptomyces rubiginosus
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Xylose isomerase activity
Specific Function
Involved in D-xylose catabolism.
Gene Name
xylA
Uniprot ID
P24300
Uniprot Name
Xylose isomerase
Molecular Weight
43226.915 Da
References
  1. Li S, Taylor KB, Kelly SJ, Jedrzejas MJ: Vitamin C inhibits the enzymatic activity of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 4;276(18):15125-30. Epub 2001 Jan 12. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecu...
Gene Name
PLOD2
Uniprot ID
O00469
Uniprot Name
Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2
Molecular Weight
84685.07 Da
References
  1. Yeowell HN, Walker LC, Murad S, Pinnell SR: A common duplication in the lysyl hydroxylase gene of patients with Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI results in preferential stimulation of lysyl hydroxylase activity and mRNA by hydralazine. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Nov 1;347(1):126-31. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0319. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Phytanoyl-coa dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Converts phytanoyl-CoA to 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA.
Gene Name
PHYH
Uniprot ID
O14832
Uniprot Name
Phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, peroxisomal
Molecular Weight
38538.065 Da
References
  1. Mukherji M, Chien W, Kershaw NJ, Clifton IJ, Schofield CJ, Wierzbicki AS, Lloyd MD: Structure-function analysis of phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase mutations causing Refsum's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Sep 1;10(18):1971-82. doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.18.1971. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecu...
Gene Name
PLOD3
Uniprot ID
O60568
Uniprot Name
Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3
Molecular Weight
84784.505 Da
References
  1. Yeowell HN, Walker LC, Murad S, Pinnell SR: A common duplication in the lysyl hydroxylase gene of patients with Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI results in preferential stimulation of lysyl hydroxylase activity and mRNA by hydralazine. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Nov 1;347(1):126-31. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0319. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Catalyzes the formation of L-carnitine from gamma-butyrobetaine.
Gene Name
BBOX1
Uniprot ID
O75936
Uniprot Name
Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase
Molecular Weight
44714.6 Da
References
  1. Dunn WA, Rettura G, Seifter E, Englard S: Carnitine biosynthesis from gamma-butyrobetaine and from exogenous protein-bound 6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine by the perfused guinea pig liver. Effect of ascorbate deficiency on the in situ activity of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem. 1984 Sep 10;259(17):10764-70. [Article]
  2. Vaz FM, van Gool S, Ofman R, IJlst L, Wanders RJ: Carnitine biosynthesis. Purification of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase from rat liver. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;466:117-24. [Article]
  3. Rebouche CJ: Ascorbic acid and carnitine biosynthesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Dec;54(6 Suppl):1147S-1152S. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
L-ascorbic acid binding
Specific Function
Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline.
Gene Name
DBH
Uniprot ID
P09172
Uniprot Name
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Molecular Weight
69064.45 Da
References
  1. Suzuki E, Kurata T, Shibata M, Mori M, Arakawa N: Activities of D- and L-xyloascorbic acid and D- and L-araboascorbic acid as a cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase reaction. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1997 Oct;43(5):491-6. [Article]
  2. Pettingill TM, Strange RW, Blackburn NJ: Carbonmonoxy dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Structural characterization by Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Biol Chem. 1991 Sep 15;266(26):16996-7003. [Article]
  3. Feng J, Shi J, Sirimanne SR, Mounier-Lee CE, May SW: Kinetic and stereochemical studies on novel inactivators of C-terminal amidation. Biochem J. 2000 Sep 1;350 Pt 2:521-30. [Article]
  4. Menniti FS, Knoth J, Diliberto EJ Jr: Role of ascorbic acid in dopamine beta-hydroxylation. The endogenous enzyme cofactor and putative electron donor for cofactor regeneration. J Biol Chem. 1986 Dec 25;261(36):16901-8. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 sequential steps in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. The monooxygenase part produces an unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate that is dismutat...
Gene Name
PAM
Uniprot ID
P19021
Uniprot Name
Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase
Molecular Weight
108331.35 Da
References
  1. Romero I, Teresa Sanchez-Ballesta M, Maldonado R, Isabel Escribano M, Merodio C: Anthocyanin, antioxidant activity and stress-induced gene expression in high CO2-treated table grapes stored at low temperature. J Plant Physiol. 2008;165(5):522-30. Epub 2007 Jun 13. [Article]
  2. Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Milczarek G, Arasimowicz M, Ciszewski A: Do nitric oxide donors mimic endogenous NO-related response in plants? Planta. 2006 Nov;224(6):1363-72. Epub 2006 Jun 14. [Article]
  3. Crespo A, Marti MA, Roitberg AE, Amzel LM, Estrin DA: The catalytic mechanism of peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase investigated by computer simulation. J Am Chem Soc. 2006 Oct 4;128(39):12817-28. [Article]
  4. Kolhekar AS, Mains RE, Eipper BA: Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase: an ascorbate-requiring enzyme. Methods Enzymol. 1997;279:35-43. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)79007-4. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Protein complex binding
Specific Function
Basement membrane-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in...
Gene Name
P3H1
Uniprot ID
Q32P28
Uniprot Name
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1
Molecular Weight
83393.195 Da
References
  1. Osipyants AI, Poloznikov AA, Smirnova NA, Hushpulian DM, Khristichenko AY, Chubar TA, Zakhariants AA, Ahuja M, Gaisina IN, Thomas B, Brown AM, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI: L-ascorbic acid: A true substrate for HIF prolyl hydroxylase? Biochimie. 2018 Apr;147:46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Shows prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly-sequences in collagens, especially types II, IV and V.
Gene Name
P3H2
Uniprot ID
Q8IVL5
Uniprot Name
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2
Molecular Weight
80983.685 Da
References
  1. Osipyants AI, Poloznikov AA, Smirnova NA, Hushpulian DM, Khristichenko AY, Chubar TA, Zakhariants AA, Ahuja M, Gaisina IN, Thomas B, Brown AM, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI: L-ascorbic acid: A true substrate for HIF prolyl hydroxylase? Biochimie. 2018 Apr;147:46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Has prolyl 3-hydroxylase activity catalyzing the post-translational formation of 3-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly-sequences in collagens, especially types IV and V.
Gene Name
P3H3
Uniprot ID
Q8IVL6
Uniprot Name
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 3
Molecular Weight
81835.705 Da
References
  1. Osipyants AI, Poloznikov AA, Smirnova NA, Hushpulian DM, Khristichenko AY, Chubar TA, Zakhariants AA, Ahuja M, Gaisina IN, Thomas B, Brown AM, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI: L-ascorbic acid: A true substrate for HIF prolyl hydroxylase? Biochimie. 2018 Apr;147:46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Procollagen-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins.
Gene Name
P4HA1
Uniprot ID
P13674
Uniprot Name
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1
Molecular Weight
61048.775 Da
References
  1. Osipyants AI, Poloznikov AA, Smirnova NA, Hushpulian DM, Khristichenko AY, Chubar TA, Zakhariants AA, Ahuja M, Gaisina IN, Thomas B, Brown AM, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI: L-ascorbic acid: A true substrate for HIF prolyl hydroxylase? Biochimie. 2018 Apr;147:46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.011. Epub 2017 Dec 28. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase that catalyzes 3-hydroxylation of 'Pro-62' of small ribosomal subunit RPS23, thereby regulating protein translation termination efficiency. Involved in stress granule formation.
Gene Name
OGFOD1
Uniprot ID
Q8N543
Uniprot Name
Prolyl 3-hydroxylase OGFOD1
Molecular Weight
63245.655 Da
References
  1. Kuiper C, Vissers MC: Ascorbate as a co-factor for fe- and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases: physiological activity in tumor growth and progression. Front Oncol. 2014 Dec 10;4:359. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00359. eCollection 2014. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
Specific Function
Not Available
Gene Name
OGFOD2
Uniprot ID
Q6N063
Uniprot Name
2-oxoglutarate and iron-dependent oxygenase domain-containing protein 2
Molecular Weight
38996.065 Da
References
  1. Kuiper C, Vissers MC: Ascorbate as a co-factor for fe- and 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases: physiological activity in tumor growth and progression. Front Oncol. 2014 Dec 10;4:359. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00359. eCollection 2014. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Activator

General Function
Ferrous iron binding
Specific Function
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA and RNA containing 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine by oxidative demethylation. Can also repair alkylated DNA containing 1-ethenoadenine (in vitro). Has s...
Gene Name
ALKBH2
Uniprot ID
Q6NS38
Uniprot Name
DNA oxidative demethylase ALKBH2
Molecular Weight
29322.22 Da
References
  1. Duncan T, Trewick SC, Koivisto P, Bates PA, Lindahl T, Sedgwick B: Reversal of DNA alkylation damage by two human dioxygenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16660-5. Epub 2002 Dec 16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Activator

General Function
L-ascorbic acid binding
Specific Function
Dioxygenase that repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenine (1meA) and 3-methylcytosine (3meC) by oxidative demethylation. Has a strong preference for single-stranded DNA. Able to process alk...
Gene Name
ALKBH3
Uniprot ID
Q96Q83
Uniprot Name
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 3
Molecular Weight
33374.495 Da
References
  1. Duncan T, Trewick SC, Koivisto P, Bates PA, Lindahl T, Sedgwick B: Reversal of DNA alkylation damage by two human dioxygenases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Dec 24;99(26):16660-5. Epub 2002 Dec 16. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Zinc ion binding
Specific Function
Histone demethylase that specifically demethylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, thereby playing a central role in histone code. Does not demethylate histone H3 'Lys-9', H3 'Lys-27', H3 'Lys-36', H3 'Lys-...
Gene Name
KDM5D
Uniprot ID
Q9BY66
Uniprot Name
Lysine-specific demethylase 5D
Molecular Weight
174071.34 Da
References
  1. Lee MG, Norman J, Shilatifard A, Shiekhattar R: Physical and functional association of a trimethyl H3K4 demethylase and Ring6a/MBLR, a polycomb-like protein. Cell. 2007 Mar 9;128(5):877-87. Epub 2007 Feb 22. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Protein homodimerization activity
Specific Function
Forms hydroxylysine residues in -Xaa-Lys-Gly- sequences in collagens. These hydroxylysines serve as sites of attachment for carbohydrate units and are essential for the stability of the intermolecu...
Gene Name
PLOD1
Uniprot ID
Q02809
Uniprot Name
Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1
Molecular Weight
83549.55 Da
References
  1. Salavoura K, Valari M, Kolialexi A, Mavrou A, Kitsiou S: A case of Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI. Genet Couns. 2006;17(3):291-4. [Article]
  2. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [Article]
  3. Yeowell HN, Walker LC, Murad S, Pinnell SR: A common duplication in the lysyl hydroxylase gene of patients with Ehlers Danlos syndrome type VI results in preferential stimulation of lysyl hydroxylase activity and mRNA by hydralazine. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Nov 1;347(1):126-31. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0319. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Trimethyllysine dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Converts trimethyllysine (TML) into hydroxytrimethyllysine (HTML).
Gene Name
TMLHE
Uniprot ID
Q9NVH6
Uniprot Name
Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrial
Molecular Weight
49517.2 Da
References
  1. van Vlies N, Ofman R, Wanders RJ, Vaz FM: Submitochondrial localization of 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase - implications for carnitine biosynthesis. FEBS J. 2007 Nov;274(22):5845-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06108.x. Epub 2007 Oct 18. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom each of oxygen into both donors
Specific Function
Catalyzes the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates HIF1A at 'Pro-402' and 'Pro-564'. May function as a cellular oxygen sen...
Gene Name
P4HTM
Uniprot ID
Q9NXG6
Uniprot Name
Transmembrane prolyl 4-hydroxylase
Molecular Weight
56660.535 Da
References
  1. Vasta JD, Raines RT: Human Collagen Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Is Activated by Ligands for Its Iron Center. Biochemistry. 2016 Jun 14;55(23):3224-33. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00251. Epub 2016 May 31. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Peptidyl-proline dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific prol...
Gene Name
EGLN1
Uniprot ID
Q9GZT9
Uniprot Name
Egl nine homolog 1
Molecular Weight
46020.585 Da
References
  1. Smirnoff N: Ascorbic acid metabolism and functions: A comparison of plants and mammals. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Jul;122:116-129. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.033. Epub 2018 Mar 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific prol...
Gene Name
EGLN2
Uniprot ID
Q96KS0
Uniprot Name
Egl nine homolog 2
Molecular Weight
43650.03 Da
References
  1. Nytko KJ, Spielmann P, Camenisch G, Wenger RH, Stiehl DP: Regulated function of the prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) oxygen sensor proteins. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Sep;9(9):1329-38. [Article]
  2. Bruegge K, Jelkmann W, Metzen E: Hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and chemical compounds targeting the HIF-alpha hydroxylases. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(17):1853-62. [Article]
  3. Smirnoff N: Ascorbic acid metabolism and functions: A comparison of plants and mammals. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Jul;122:116-129. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.033. Epub 2018 Mar 20. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Cofactor

General Function
Peptidyl-proline 4-dioxygenase activity
Specific Function
Cellular oxygen sensor that catalyzes, under normoxic conditions, the post-translational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha proteins. Hydroxylates a specific prol...
Gene Name
EGLN3
Uniprot ID
Q9H6Z9
Uniprot Name
Egl nine homolog 3
Molecular Weight
27261.06 Da
References
  1. Smirnoff N: Ascorbic acid metabolism and functions: A comparison of plants and mammals. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 Jul;122:116-129. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.033. Epub 2018 Mar 20. [Article]

Enzymes

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity
Specific Function
Isoform 1 may possess glutaredoxin activity as well as thioredoxin reductase activity and induces actin and tubulin polymerization, leading to formation of cell membrane protrusions. Isoform 4 enha...
Gene Name
TXNRD1
Uniprot ID
Q16881
Uniprot Name
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic
Molecular Weight
70905.58 Da
References
  1. Figueroa-Mendez R, Rivas-Arancibia S: Vitamin C in Health and Disease: Its Role in the Metabolism of Cells and Redox State in the Brain. Front Physiol. 2015 Dec 23;6:397. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00397. eCollection 2015. [Article]

Carriers

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Binder

General Function
Toxic substance binding
Specific Function
Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloid...
Gene Name
ALB
Uniprot ID
P02768
Uniprot Name
Serum albumin
Molecular Weight
69365.94 Da
References
  1. Lozinsky E, Novoselsky A, Glaser R, Shames AI, Likhtenshtein GI, Meyerstein D: Effect of ionic strength on the binding of ascorbate to albumin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Jul 3;1571(3):239-44. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00257-x. [Article]
  2. Oelrichs BA, Kratzing CC, Kelly JD, Winzor DJ: The binding of ascorbate to bovine serum albumin. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1984;54(1):61-4. [Article]

Transporters

Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Sodium-dependent l-ascorbate transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Sodium/ascorbate cotransporter. Mediates electrogenic uptake of vitamin C, with a stoichiometry of 2 Na(+) for each ascorbate.
Gene Name
SLC23A1
Uniprot ID
Q9UHI7
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 23 member 1
Molecular Weight
64830.445 Da
References
  1. Tsukaguchi H, Tokui T, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, Chen XZ, Wang Y, Brubaker RF, Hediger MA: A family of mammalian Na+-dependent L-ascorbic acid transporters. Nature. 1999 May 6;399(6731):70-5. [Article]
  2. Wilson JX: Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647. [Article]
  3. Kang JS, Kim HN, Jung da J, Kim JE, Mun GH, Kim YS, Cho D, Shin DH, Hwang YI, Lee WJ: Regulation of UVB-induced IL-8 and MCP-1 production in skin keratinocytes by increasing vitamin C uptake via the redistribution of SVCT-1 from the cytosol to the membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 2007 Mar;127(3):698-706. Epub 2006 Sep 28. [Article]
  4. Johnston L, Laverty G: Vitamin C transport and SVCT1 transporter expression in chick renal proximal tubule cells in culture. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2007 Mar;146(3):327-34. Epub 2006 Dec 5. [Article]
  5. Savini I, Rossi A, Pierro C, Avigliano L, Catani MV: SVCT1 and SVCT2: key proteins for vitamin C uptake. Amino Acids. 2008 Apr;34(3):347-55. Epub 2007 Jun 1. [Article]
  6. Perez MJ, Castano B, Gonzalez-Buitrago JM, Marin JJ: Multiple protective effects of melatonin against maternal cholestasis-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the rat fetal liver-placenta-maternal liver trio. J Pineal Res. 2007 Sep;43(2):130-9. [Article]
  7. Steiling H, Longet K, Moodycliffe A, Mansourian R, Bertschy E, Smola H, Mauch C, Williamson G: Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter isoforms in skin: Distribution, kinetics, and effect of UVB-induced oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007 Sep 1;43(5):752-62. Epub 2007 May 10. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Sodium/ascorbate cotransporter. Mediates electrogenic uptake of vitamin C, with a stoichiometry of 2 Na(+) for each ascorbate.
Specific Function
L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Gene Name
SLC23A2
Uniprot ID
Q9UGH3
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 23 member 2
Molecular Weight
70336.235 Da
References
  1. Wilson JX: Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Xenobiotic transporter activity
Specific Function
Facilitative glucose transporter. This isoform may be responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including b...
Gene Name
SLC2A1
Uniprot ID
P11166
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1
Molecular Weight
54083.325 Da
References
  1. Wilson JX: Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Facilitative glucose transporter that can also mediate the uptake of various other monosaccharides across the cell membrane (PubMed:9477959, PubMed:26176916). Mediates the uptake of glucose, 2-deox...
Gene Name
SLC2A3
Uniprot ID
P11169
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 3
Molecular Weight
53923.785 Da
References
  1. Wilson JX: Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647. [Article]
Kind
Protein
Organism
Humans
Pharmacological action

Unknown

Actions

Substrate

General Function
Glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Specific Function
Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter.
Gene Name
SLC2A4
Uniprot ID
P14672
Uniprot Name
Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4
Molecular Weight
54786.79 Da
References
  1. Wilson JX: Regulation of vitamin C transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:105-25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647. [Article]

Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at December 04, 2021 10:27